Secularism And Its Effect On Society Religion Essay

Secularism And Its Effect On Society piety EssaySecularism is the separation of state and holiness. It is the exclusion or rejection of theology from political or civil affairs of the state. Being an ancient belief of some ancient Greek and Roman philosophers wish well Marcus Aurelius it has developed and expanded to reach different corners of the demesne. However, the stipulation secularism is relatively new as it was first work forcetioned or coined by the British writer George Holyoake in 1851. In the 1700s different writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment Age had proposed its diligence in connection. High Renaissance authors alike gave rise to secularism and persuasionlism in their works formed from Classicism, but it was mostly in historical rather than artistic and architectural works. Thus, secularism was formally born or started during the Renaissance but found a sure footing in the 18th century during the Age of Reason. The c at oncept and its application gre w stronger with the French revolution carrying until today. The most secular states in contemporary time have more(prenominal) than doubled the number of non-secular states. However, some secular states do non apply it fully and unsounded observe some ghostlike idiosyncrasies like holidays. nigh states, however, do not have a defined state morality because of different practices of a large number of its citizens. For example, Nigeria has Islam, Christianity and another(prenominal)(prenominal) Traditional religions but not as much as the first two- as the authoritative religions of the nation. The built-in nation observes both Islamic and Christian holidays and puts out currency in its budget for different purposes for this religion. Hence, secularism has had a boost in the last two to lead centuries.Since its result, religion holds the role or status as the ass for law and all other legalities. It is the sole source of law and e trulyone is expected to obey its incurs and regulations and bereavement to do so results in punishment of the guilty person or persons by religious decree. Therefore, the proper role of religion in either society is to lay down the rules or laws to be followed by every member. It as well encompasses the entire life of a person, from his or her birth, daily activities and even to demise and further. Religion is absolute i.e. it is a divine decree from the Almighty.Europe was widely Roman Catholic Christians due to the Roman conquerors of the Dark and Middle Ages. Europe was a very religious continent. Hence, religion was the law putting the church over even the ruling Monarchs and nobles. However, this arrangement depended on the nation and sometimes changed according to the ruler. For example, King Richard the king of beasts Heart of England was a strong catholic and a leader of the crusades therefore, had a good standing with the church while his brother John also cognize as John Lackland who became king by and b y him did not. Pope Innocent II excommunicated him due to a dispute between them on who was to be the next Archbishop of Canterbury. Because the immemorial Norman and Angevin kings of England had had considerable influence with the church, he also assumed he could. However, the church triumphed and he kept on paying the church compensation money for some time.Thus, religious rules have been around for a long time due to religion and its exiting followers. It butt end also be seen from the time of its emergence and evolution from animism to polytheism and finally monotheism, all religions allow for the belief in a actor or deity that sets rules. These rules have been sometimes to the advantage of society and at other times to its detriment. For instance, in pre-Christian Rome, human sacrifice or bloodshed is said to be the bringer of the gods and goddesses mercy on the commonwealth of Rome. Human sacrifice brought most rainfall, good harvest and abundant wealth. Thus, it brough t just about the birth of the gladiators and their legendary fights to please the deities. Another example would be the Indian sacrifice of a widow on her dead husbands funeral pyre or later times the end of her social life and she is considered a bad luck charm for anyone. Thus, religion compelled society to each kill these widows or cut them off from society and force them to live together without donjon, wearing only if white and selling their bodies to feed themselves most of the time. Some religions even support and approve of incest especially brother-sister incest which can be seen in Egyptian, Japanese and Chinese royal families of the olden days. Hence, the proper role of religion in society is to arrange and bring order not chaos to religion. But for the most part, Europe engaged in wars between its countries due to religion sacrificing thousands of lives to its cause. For example, the Crusades that were undertaken tierce times by different countries that threw all of their money into them by heavily taxing their people to finance wars which were lost in the end. Some countries, like England and France never recovered fully from this economical sacrifice which can be said the evolutions in both these countries because of poor standard of living.State religion in France after the revolution gave way to state atheism which promoted the suppression of religion. It is paramount to understand that secularism promotes religious freedom while keeping it from influencing its laws while atheism does not support the practice of religion at all. In modern or contemporary times, secularism is more popular because it promotes equality of religions in the beginning the law and can quell rush of favoritism towards one religion.However, in communist states state atheism is promoted. The modern world should not abandon or relegate religion to the side as it is being done in most modern states. It is a given that some states have more than one major religions t o consider. This might a typify a problem to most states when it baffles to law making. However in Nigeria, the law makers have done a good job inculcating its major religions i.e. Islam and Christianity with great results. The country also recognizes other practices of the less populated traditional religions accepting some things like marriage, paternity and adoption without a need for a legal exemplification at the time. It can be said that religion threw Europe in to a state of war, but it cannot be refuted that it also brought about stability at the time of its emergence in Europe. However, most people especially the philosops like Denis Diderot rejected the idea of God making religion synonymous to societies sufferings. He wrote an essay about a dying blind professor, Lettre sur les aveugles, in which he promoted his ideology. It is believed Diderots sisters death in a convent where she was a nun contributed to his dislike of religion.Thus, it can be seen that sufferings of people of the poor at the hands of the church led to many Europeans acceptance of atheism. On the other hand, it most states that have a whiz religion as its state religion and being non-secular have a relatively calm and orderly society. For example, the Middle Eastern states that use Islam as their official religion use the Quran and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) as their law. Although there is crisis in the Middle East countries like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emi treads enjoy a serene social and economical life which orderly and chaos-free.The separation of religion and state laws both has its advantages and disadvantages. It is still an ongoing debate on whether its benefits outweigh its shortcomings. If state is divide from religion, laws will have no direct religious influence. Man made religious rules saying is not the law. Tolerance of other religions will be developed. Nepotism and separatism or prejudice due to religious difference will greatly r educe. The state will not add religious expenses to its budget leaving it with more funds to pursue other state matters or problems. Atheist can also be tolerated and their rafts heard. Freedom of expression is greatly promoted in these societies. Democracy is also promoted.On the other hand, if state is not separate from religion it will incur extra expenses. There is less tolerance of other religions and their practice as can be seen in places like Saudi Arabia, the U.A.E, Yemen and Israel to a great extent towards Muslims. Religious sayings ar considered as law. Atheism as well as bad mouthing the religion will be considered heresy and might even be punishable by death as seen during the churchs powerful hold in Europe.However, some of the advantages above can also turn into these disadvantages while some of the disadvantages turn into advantages. For example, tolerance of atheism can lead to its widespread and the decline in religion as evidenced in Europe with the advent of a theistic Enlightened philosophers. Although there was no tolerance in most countries, the Netherlands allowed these people to let go of most of their works and in doing so helped the spread of atheism. Democracy can be said to be highly overrated because most states practicing it can also transgress on the rights of others and not tolerate their religious freedom. For example, the law that was passed in France by President Nicholas Sarkozy to prevent Muslim women from covering their head infringed on their freedom of religion and expression. So also were the punishments administered by most churches in early Europe which sometimes involved stoning or beheading depending on the magnitude of the overstep in the churchs eyes. However, these rights later left the hands of the churches and transferred to the feudal lords who still as wellk advices from their assigned priests. This however, seemed to lessen the punishment taking it away from women and children but mostly between men an d their feudal lords. However, a more prominent example of non-separation problems can be seen with the popes of the Renaissance era in Italy. Their frivolous and sybaritic lifestyle damaged the doubling of religion and gave it no credence in the eyes of the believers. They didnt cargon for their people and mostly left them to suffer. Another example is the era of the Plantagenet Kings of England. All of these kings made England a very poor and unhappy country by taxing its people heavily and constant engagement in wars that were mostly petty and selfish. Further, Philip II launched a naval attack on England because of religion and without a thought to his people and their livelihood cut down Spains forests to build his ships led to the economic decline of Spain which was once had a robust economy. Thus, by separating or not separating religion and state, chaos occurs. Nonetheless, it is wiser to keep religion as a basis for law making. Divine messages if followed adamantly lead to peace not anarchy as can be seen in Saudi, U.A.E, Qatar, Brunei and others.Secularism in contemporary world has led to decline in before highly valued morals. Nowadays, sexual relationships are openly carried out i.e. a couple can move in together with the knowledge with both their parents and other people in society. On the other hand, non-secular and Old Europe frowned upon something like this. Fornication and adultery are seen as a sin from a religious point of view everywhere in the world. Although, the monarchs and aristocrats still indulged in the pleasures of the flesh and the priests and society look the other way as long as they are discreet for instance Henry VII with his six wives and countless mistresses. However, this example is unique to those societies that at the time were not very religious, frivolous and at times chaotic.For example, Italian renaissance that was characterized with frivolity and material pursuits because of they were not practicing religious sayin gs. This era can be identified with one of Europes most scandalous and licentious relationships and a great deal of unmarried mothers who suffered greatly. Synonymously, in the modern world, the Western world is highly secular and as such it also faces the problem of teenage pregnancy, unmarried single mothers living in poverty, high divorce rates, and numerous cases of infidelity and so on. However, after the wave of frivolity during the renaissance had been cleared by Paul III and hid successors, the reasonableness age brought with it a new wave of low moral standards. It can be seen from the 18th to the 19th century how extra-marital affairs became almost legalized. A wife was mainly the means to an heir. She was required to be faithful to her husband until she has given him an heir so that there will be no contest as to who the childs father was. She can then have her affairs as long as she was discreet while the husband also has his own mistresses and affairs. Thus, bastard children be to the nobles and aristocrats were very high in number with a great many of the sons given titles while the daughters are at most times educated. All these eras though accepting of these low moral values make social pariahs out of its practitioners.Thus, secularism might promote or develop individuals to be independent but it does not protect them from the harsh realities of life. A religious and orderly society do not have such problems, although they do occur but not in such high numbers as in secular states. For example, the Puritans live their lives simply though of modern times, they do not believe in worldly pleasures. Moreover, the rate of suicide is seen to be much higher in secular states. There may be religious sacrifices as in the widow eager in Hinduism or stoning in Islam, it however, does not claim as many lives as suicide in the Western secular states. Furthermore, both of the aforementioned(prenominal) practices have falling into disuse while suicide i s the most upcoming and pressing problem of deaths in secular societies.Having lived in a non-secular society where religion governs our day to day lives. I have witnessed how religious sayings from God can be turned and manipulated to suit the needs of men. In my opinion, secularism is a good idea but it also doesnt get to be practiced the way it is supposed to be. For example, recently the French government although calling itself secular passed a bill to break off women or specifically Islamic women from covering their faces. It is perfectly allowed to sanction those that refuse to show their faces for security reasons, but why persecute all on the basis of a notion or what a minority does? It goes to show that both secular and non-secular states need to work on where they stand in the modern world. times have changed since people will take in stride what the state dictates. As it can be witnesses in France, although women are being sanctioned and charged, they still defiantly wear their head covering. To them, their veil is and identity of who they are and what they represent as Muslim women. The French government will do well to swindle from past mistakes of imposing sanctions on their people and its end results i.e. the revolution.I believe that religion plays a role in society that can be at most positive and sometimes negative. However, both sides can be argued according to ones own point of view. For an academic (western education), socialist or scientific point of view religion has more negative than positive sides. For example, gender inequality, female education and sacrificial roles to make someone give up his/her life. On the other hand, theologians or religious scholars will give credit to the positive side of religion for bringing about peace, tranquility and fairness. For instance, Islam in Arabia pulled the people out of ignorance or Jahiliyyah as the period is known to a blissful time of peace and love for all. Further, in the Christian a nd Islamic books i.e. the Bible and Quran respectively, stories showcased the way religion brought the people peace and escape from harsh and ruthless rulers as in the stories of Moses, Abraham and Jesus. Hence, the amalgamation of these two views still proves to be futile. To my understanding, until these two opposing point of views are united, secularism cannot and will not be practiced to everyones satisfaction.Democracy cannot be practiced fully without any partisan influence from religious groups either. The 9/11 attacks claimed by the Taliban are now being seen as attacks orchestrated by Jews and some say by the American government itself. President George Bush, the former president was said to be a member of a religious groups that rule America between themselves thus, eliminating any trace that all past democratic rulings were fair. Current president Barack Obama also hit a brick wall during his campaign for the post. Because of his Muslim-like name and his roots, he was con sidered a Muslim posing as a Christian to get Islam to rule America. This influenced so many people not to vote him fairly based on a judgment of his character. By separating religion and state, the deed has only fueled the rig gap between the two most dominant religions in the world ergo in America too. Schools do not teach their pupils much about religion hence, they come out with a jaundiced view created by the media. Most politicians also do not hide their distaste for other religions as can be seen by Sarah Palin and her anti-Islamic sentiments.European level in its course from the ancient Greeks to the Romans to the Celts and the Vikings to Feudal transcriptions and absolutist Monarchies and finally to the arrival of constitutional monarchy and democracy has cause the world to what it is today. The West is the way it is thanks to these people who lived hundreds of years ago. But sadly, the world is yet to open their eyes and learn from past mistakes. European history in it s course has shown us how absolutism or dictatorships can crumble in mere days when the people revolt. But the lure of power is too much for most leaders that they forget the past and only indulge in the present and paint and plan a happy future. This can be witnessed in the recent wave of unrest passing through some of the North African and Middle Eastern countries. The leaders of these countries had been there since kingdom come but are not ready to lose that power they hold so in their grip. It took a revolution for most of these rulers to surrender and step aside however, some refuse like Libyan and Yemenis presidents. In my opinion, it all comes down to greed and the lust for power. The characteristics of these people can be witnessed from other historical figures like Napoleon I of France, John I of England, Charles V Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, Philip II of Spain and others. Most of these leaders thirst and lust for power led to their ultimate downfall most especial ly Napoleon and his quest to create an empire for himself all over Europe.In conclusion, I believe secularism is only applicable to some states while in others it can never be well implemented. To my understanding, African countries like Nigeria cannot function well under secular rule because of the various religious groups in the country. Other places that witness Islam as the dominant religion can never use secularism to govern a state. Islam itself brings an entire system of the way a state under Islamic rule is supposed to function. It can be seen that most of these Middle Eastern states have flourished under this system. For Christianity, I believe the Vatican is a typical example of a religious state being ruled by a religious system that works clean darned good. The Pope as its head and the people under him are leaving in a peaceful and non-hectic environment. However, the Christian world (West) has learned another lesson from European history of Christian wars and its rules . Therefore, it is wary of going back for seconds after breaking away and forming other views that do not conform to the Catholic Church. As the saying goes once bitten twice shy so also do most Christians feel they cannot go back under influence and rule by the Church. But most of all European history, especially the Enlightenment age has left its mark on history by advocating atheism. As some figures and statistics show, the world religions are declining in number as more and more people stop believing in God. Atheism has spread its wings to touch every corner of the world not only the west but Asia and Africa, two of the most religious continents in the world. Hence, most people believe the growing rate of atheism should be synonymous with secularism so as to create a balance between the believers and the non-believers. However, I believe only time will class what is the right path for us to follow and bring peace and harmony to our otherwise chaotic world.

The Process Heat Exchangers Engineering Essay

The Process light up Exchangers Engineering EssayIn this chapter, a full unit of warmth money changer will be designed including its chemical and mechanical design. A passion exchanger is a device built for efficient warmness transfer between two eloquents from one medium to another. The medium whitethorn be separated by a solid wall, so that the fluids never mix, or the fluids may never be in direct contact. Two fluids of assorted temperatures will fall down through the heat exchanger. genus Oestrus exchangers be widely used in space rut, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, and natural gas processing.3.1.1 Classification of Heat ExchangerHeat exchangers may be classified according to their flow arrangement. There ar two main flow arrangements which are parallel-flow and counter-current-flow. In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at the comparable end, and travel in pa rallel to one another to the other locating. In counter-flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. Compared both flow arrangements, the counter current design is most efficient, in that it can transfer the most heat from the heat transfer medium.3.1.2 pillow slips of Heat ExchangerThere are many types of heat exchanger in industry. The types chosen based on the function of the heat exchanger itself. Choosing the right heat exchanger requires companionship of different type of heat exchanger as well as well as the environment in which the heat exchanger will operate. With sufficient knowledge of heat exchanger types and operating requirements, the best selection can be made in optimizing the process. Below, in Table 3.1 are list of types and functions of each heat exchanger.Table 3.1 Types and Functions of Heat Exchanger in IndustryNo.TypesFunctions1.Double pipe heat exchangerThe simplest type. Use for heating and cooling.2.Shell and tube heat exchange rUsed for all application.3.Plate exchangerUse for heating and cooling.4.Plate-fin exchangerUse for heating and cooling.5.Spiral heat exchangerUse for heating and cooling.6.Air cooledCooler and condenser.7.Direct contactCooling and quenching.8.Agitated vassUse for heating and cooling.9.Fired heatersUse for heating and cooling.Source Chemical Engineering radiation pattern, R.K.Sinnott.3.1.3 Selections of Heat ExchangerTypically in the manufacturing industry, several different types of heat exchangers are used for just the one process or system to derive the last product. In order to select an appropriate heat exchanger, one would showtimely consider the design limitations for each heat exchanger type. Although cost is often the first criterion evaluated, there are several other important selection criteria which includeHigh/ Low military press limitsThermal PerformanceTemperature rangesProduct conflate (liquid/liquid, leave-takingiculates or high-solids liquid)Pressure Drops a cross the exchangerFluid flow capacityClean-ability, maintenance and repairMaterials required for constructionAbility and ease of future thrashing out3.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN3.2.1 Design Criteria for Process Heat ExchangersThere are some criteria that a process heat exchanger moldiness satisfy are easily enough stated if we confine ourselves to a certain process. The criteria includeThe heat exchanger must meet the process requirements. This meanspiriteds that it must personnel the desired change in thermal condition of the process stream within the allowable pressure drops. At the same time, it must continue doing this until the next scheduled shut down for maintenance.The heat exchanger must withstand the service conditions of the environment of the plant which includes the mechanical stresses of installation, startup, shutdown, normal operation, emergencies and maintenance. Besides, the heat exchanger must also resist corrosion by the environment, processes and stream s. This is mainly a matter of choosing materials of construction, but mechanical design does have some effect.The heat exchanger must be maintainable, which ordinarily implies choosing a configuration that permits cleaning and replacement. In order to do this, the limitations is the positioning the exchanger and providing clear space around it. Replacement usually involves tubes and other components that may be especially vulnerable to corrosion, erosion, or vibration.The cost of the heat exchanger should be consistent with requirements. Meaning of the cost here instrument to the cost of installation. Operation cost and cost of lost production due to exchanger malfunction or unavailable should be considered earlier in the design.The limitations of the heat exchanger. Limitations are on length, diameter, weight and tube specifications due to plant requirements and process flow.3.2.2 Structure of the Heat ExchangerThe basic structure of heat exchanger is the same whether using hand design method or computer design method. The logical structure of the heat exchanger design procedure is shown in frame of reference 2.15. From the figure, clearer view and steps of designing a heat exchanger can be obtained. insure 3.1 Basic Logical Structure of Heat Exchanger Design3.3 CHEMICAL DESIGN3.3.1 Problem IdentificationIn designing a heat exchanger in production of 100, 000 metric tonnes/year of Acrylonitrile, there is moreover one heat exchanger exists. The function of it is to exchange the temperature between the stream from Reactor with the temperature from 125C to 25C and the stream comes from Reboiler 5 from 90C to 120C.90.0 0C125.0 0C450.0 0C120.0 0CFigure 3.2 Diagram of shell and tube heat exchanger3.3.2 Determination of physical propertiesTable 3.2 Physical Properties of the tube side fluid (water)PropertiesInletMeanOutletTemperature (0C)90.0105120Pressure (kPa)70.139120.82198.52Specific heat (kJ/kg0C)4.2044.2244.249Thermal conductivity (W/m0C)0.11540.11980.112 7Density (kg/m3)0.4310.6230.721Viscosity (N sm-2)3.145 x 10-42.677 x 10-42.321 x 10-4Table 3.3 Physical Properties of shell fluid ( process fluid)PropertiesAverage Temperature, Tave = 287.5 0CPressure (kPa)150Specific heat (kJ/kg0C)1.1Thermal conductivity (W/m0C)0.1553Density (kg/m3)1.255Viscosity (N sm-2)4.529 x 10-4Only the thermal design will be carried out by using Kerns method. Since water is corrosive, so the tube-side is assign.Logarithmic mean temperature,Where, T1 = Inlet shell side fluid temperatureT2 = Outlet shell side fluid temperaturet1 = Inlet tube side fluid temperaturet2 = Outlet tube side fluid temperatureThus, Log mean temperature= 131.4477 0CThe true temperature difference is given by,Where, is the temperature correction instrumentFrom Figure 12.19, Chemical Engineering Design,Thus,0CFrom Table 12.1(Sinnott 2005), we assume value of overall coefficient, U = 500.0 W/m2.oC.Heat LoadHeat transfer force field,Where, Q = heat transferred per unit time (W)U = overal l heat transfer coefficient,(W/m2.oC)Tm = the mean temperature difference (oC)Thus,= 190.126 m23.3.3 Tube-side coefficientTable 3.4 proportionality of Heat-Exchanger tubesMaterialCarbon SteelOuter diameter, Dto (mm)50.8Length of tube Lt (m)5.0Inner diameter, Dti (mm)45.26BWG number12.0Source Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, C. J. GeankoplisHeat transfer area of a tube, At = DoL= (50.8 x 10-3) 5= 0.798 m2Number of tube, Nt = A/At= 190.126 / 0.798= 238.25 = 239 tubesCross sectional area of a tube = (Di2) / 4= (45.26 x 10-3)24= 1.6089 x 10-3 m2By using two passesTotal tube area, AT = (239 / 2) (1.6089 x 10-3)= 0.1923 m2Mass velocity, Gs = flowrate / A= 29.96 / 0.1923= 155.798 kg/m2.sReynolds number, Re = Gsdi / = 155.798 x 0.04526 / 4.529 x 10-4= 1.557 x 10 4Prandtl number,= 3.1731 x 155.798 / 0.1553= 3183.275Nusselt number, NuD = 0.027 Rea Prb / wc= 0.027 (1.557 x 10 4)0.8 (3183.275)0.3 x 1= 685.578Stanton number, St = NuD / Re(Pr)= 685.578 / 1.557 x 10 4 x 3183.275 = 1.383 x 10-5Heat transmit factor, jh = St Pr0.67= 1.383 x 10-5 ( 3138.275 )0.67 x 1= 3.045 x 10-3Tube-side heat transfer coefficient, hi= 2329.599 W/ m2.0C3.3.4 Shell side coefficient1.25 triangular pitch was chosen to calculate the sheaf diameter. From table 12.4 (Sinnott 2005), constants value for 2 tube passes condition is K1 = 0.249 and n1 = 2.207Bundle diameter, Db = Dto (Nt / K1) 1/n1= 50.8 ( 239 / 0.249)1/2.207= 1122.575 mmPull-through floating head type was the best selection. From Figure 12.10 (Sinnott 2005), bundle diameter clearance is 95 mm.Shell diameter, Ds = 1122.575 + 95= 1217.575 mmFor selecting baffle spacing, the optimum spacing chosen is 0.2 times the shell diameters. scotch spacing, B = 0.2 Ds = 0.2 (1217.575) = 243.515mmTube pitch pt = 1.25 Do = 1.25 (50.8) = 63.5mmCross-flow area,= 0.0593 m2Mass velocity, Gs = Ws / As= 47.7672 / 0.0593= 805.518 kg/m2.sEquivalent diameter,= 36.07 mmShell-side heat transfer coefficient, hoReynolds number, Re = Gsdi / = 805.518 x 36.07 x 10-3 / 2.677 x 10-4= 1.0854 x 10 5Prandtl number,= 2.677 x 10-4 (2.4923 x 103) / 0.1553= 4.296Note that 45% baffle cut has been chosen, neglect the viscosity correction term. From Figure 12.29 (Sinnott, 2005), jh = 2.8 x 10-3= 1640.892 W/m2.0C3.3.5 Overall CoefficientTable 3.5 Dimensions in overall coefficientMaterialCarbon steelThermal conductivity of carbon steelKw = 45 W/m0CThe fouling factor for cooling waterhid 5000 W/m2.0CThe fouling factor for aqueous salt solutionsh0 =3000 W/m2.0CSource Chemical Engineering Design, R.K.Sinnott.The relationship between overall coefficient and individual coefficients is given byUO = 583.359 W/m2.0CWell approximately the initial estimate of 600 W/m2.0C, so design has adequate area for the obligation required.3.3.6 Tube-side Pressure DropReynolds number,= 14526.371From Figure 12.24 of Chemical Engineering. (Vol. 6) Friction factor, jf = 0.045Tube side pressure drop,Where, m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re2100Np = nu mber of tube side passes= 23135.87 N/m2= 2.3135 kPa (Acceptable)3.3.7 Shell-side Pressure DropReynolds number, Re = 1.0854 x 10 5From the Figure 12.30 (Sinnott 2005), Friction factor, jf = 0.024Shell side pressure drop,= 64327.95 N/m2= 64.328 kPa (Acceptable)3.3.8 Summary of CalculationType of shell and tube is carbon steel with Kw of 45 W/m.0C. While, specification of inside diameter is 45.27mm, outside diameter is 50.8mm and length of 5m.Table 3.6Tube-side specificationParameterResultsTlm131.4477 oCR10.833S0.833FT0.93Tm122.246 oCArea, A190.126 m2Number of tubes, Nt239 tubesWater linear velocity, ut155.798 kg/m2.sHeat transfer coefficient, hi2329.599 W/m2.0CPressure drop, Pt2.3135 kPaTable 3.7 Shell-side specificationParameterResultsBundle diameter, Db1122.575 mmShell diameter, Ds1217.575 mmBaffle spacing, lB243.515mmShell area, As0.0593 m2Mass velocity, Gs805.518 kg/m2.sEquivalent diameter, de36.07 mmShell coefficient, ho1640.892 W/m2.0CPressure drop, Ps64.328 kPaOverall coefficie nts, U583.359 W/m2.0C3.4 MECHANICAL DESIGN OF heating EXCHANGER3.4.1 Design ParameterTable 3.8 Design ParameterParametreSI UnitEnglish UnitDesign temperature, TD460 OC860 OFOperating pressure, Po300 kPa43.51 pounds per square inchInternal diameter, Di1.217 m47.913 ftHemispherical length0.65 m2.13 ftShells length5.0 m16.40For this heat exchanger, the design pressure is 43.51 psi and above the aura pressure (15 psi). Based on study, if Po Patm (Pgage = Pabs Patm), the calculation for this heat exchanger is under internal pressure and the pressure that will used is,Po = Pabs Pgage = 43.51 psi 15 psi = 28.51 psiCalculation of design pressure for each part of heat exchanger by taking 10% safety factorP1 = PO + PH= 28.51 + 0.433 (2.13) = 29.431 psi x 1.1= 32.38 psiBecause this heat exchanger design is horizontal, so the value P1 = P2 = P3 = 32.38 psiThickness for each part of vesselthemispherical , t =tcylindrical Circumferentialt =Longitudinalt =For cylindrical, the highest ponde rousness value calculated will be chosen. So, from the calculation above the thickness for cylindrical part is 0.0446 inch. Now by adding corrosion hire, CA of 2 mm (0.07874 in.),themispherical = 0.0223in + 0.07874in = 0.101intcylindrical = 0.0446in + 0.07874in = 0.12334inThe material construction for this heat exchanger is carbon steel due to price and work in many applications. The highest value from these two types of wall thicknesses is 0.12334 inch, so the minimum wall thickness of this heat exchanger is 0.12334 inch (3.133mm). The nominal wall thickness for carbon steel at market is 0.1182 inch (3mm). Because of the nominal wall thickness is lower than the calculated we must take the calculated thickness t = 0.12334 inch (3.133 mm) as value of wall thickness.To calculate the maximum allowable working pressure for each part, MAWPpart , the thickness must subtract the corrosion allowancet = 0.12334in 0.07874in = 0.0446inMAWPpart (hemispherical)P =MAWPpart (cylindrical)Circumfe rentialP =LongitudinalP =The smallest value of pressure will be chosen. So, the internal pressure for cylindrical part is 32.383 psi.By subtracting the hydrostatic pressure, PH for each part,MAWPpart (hemispherical) = 64.812 psi (0.433)(2.13) = 63.889 psi =440.5 kPaMAWPpart (cylindrical) = 32.383 psi (0.433)(16.01) = 25.451 psi =175.478 kPaThe smallest value of pressure is taken as MAWPpart which is 25.451psi. This value is the maximum allowable pressure for the whole vessel.

The Formation of An Individual :: Philosophy

The Formation of An IndividualMan fatalitys a polity, and in the same path a polity needs man. This is the steeringof the first chapter in the formation of an individual. The formation of anindividual is a very complicated serve up, yet it is a process that is verynecessary. Through the formation of round types of government man tries to formhimself from his acquired beliefs. The most basic form of government is acouple, but it branches out to finished societies. In these societies there atomic number 18 real issues that the individual moldiness deal with, the first is conquest. onerousness is probably the hardest of all of the problems that one faces on hisroad to humanization. Oppression is a single force, held by few, that preventsothers from compass their status. This form of inequality nookie be seen inalmost all forms of government, save anarchism because there are no superiorsthat can oppress. We saw this oppression in the movie A Dry White Season.This movie summariz ed the problems with injustice, inequality, and oppression.In order for us to become more than fully human, and move along on our road to our declare formation we essential break free from our oppressors. By breaking free, you arenot scratch line a war, or even a conflict, but you are actively participating inyour own realization.Before we can break free of the oppression that I just described we moldiness firstbe able to realize when we are being oppressed. Through a complicated processof wreak we gain our own thoughts, words, and actions. It first starts withour own set of beliefs. Most likely the ones that our parents set for us. Butafter we gain that first sense of who we are, and who we should be, then andsolely then can we realize if we are oppressed. We must understand the actions ofourselves before we can understand those of others.On the journey to create our own individuality we need to be influenced becauseafter we are influenced we can then Aweed out the ideas that m ost likelyconform to our own opinions. This onion is the most effective tool or method inthe formation of an individual.Paulo Friere turn to the issue of oppression and why it must be stopped in hisessay APedagogy of the Oppressed. In this essay he dictates that througheducation we can and must stop oppression. Yet this Abreaking free cannot bean individual effort, but a combine summation of forces. Near the starting ofhis essay he says that man must break free of the chains that bind him to hisThe Formation of An Individual PhilosophyThe Formation of An IndividualMan needs a polity, and in the same way a polity needs man. This is the focusof the first chapter in the formation of an individual. The formation of anindividual is a very complicated process, yet it is a process that is verynecessary. Through the formation of some types of government man tries to formhimself from his acquired beliefs. The most basic form of government is acouple, but it branches out to entire societ ies. In these societies there arecertain issues that the individual must deal with, the first is oppression.Oppression is probably the hardest of all of the problems that one faces on hisroad to humanization. Oppression is a single force, held by few, that preventsothers from reaching their status. This form of inequality can be seen inalmost all forms of government, save anarchism because there are no superiorsthat can oppress. We saw this oppression in the movie A Dry White Season.This movie summarized the problems with injustice, inequality, and oppression.In order for us to become more fully human, and move along on our road to ourown formation we must break free from our oppressors. By breaking free, you arenot starting a war, or even a conflict, but you are actively participating inyour own realization.Before we can break free of the oppression that I just described we must firstbe able to realize when we are being oppressed. Through a complicated processof influence we gain o ur own thoughts, words, and actions. It first starts withour own set of beliefs. Most likely the ones that our parents set for us. Butafter we gain that first sense of who we are, and who we should be, then andonly then can we realize if we are oppressed. We must understand the actions ofourselves before we can understand those of others.On the journey to create our own individuality we need to be influenced becauseafter we are influenced we can then Aweed out the ideas that most likelyconform to our own opinions. This onion is the most effective tool or method inthe formation of an individual.Paulo Friere addressed the issue of oppression and why it must be stopped in hisessay APedagogy of the Oppressed. In this essay he dictates that througheducation we can and must stop oppression. Yet this Abreaking free cannot bean individual effort, but a combine summation of forces. Near the beginning ofhis essay he says that man must break free of the chains that bind him to his

Character Education Programs :: essays papers

Character Education ProgramsOne of the most principal(prenominal) things to pargonnts is that their child grows up to be a caring, healthy human being. P atomic number 18nts were actually asked what the most important thing they wanted for their children was. The most common response, given by 48% of the parents, was making sure their child grows up to be a moral person. (http//www.joe.org/joe/1998april/a3.html). A good way to ensure this is by implementing consultation education programs. With the increase in violence in young people today, nature education programs are a great way to teach people various good and useful morals. Character education programs are exactly how they sound they are knowing to build ones character throughout childhood so that the individual is able to make good decisions in life. Character education programs are intended to handle aggressive behaviors, build self-esteem, resolve conflicts peacefully, encourage diversity tolerance, practice core values and promote character education (http//www.joyinlearning.com/). The effect of character education programs on students behavior will be addressed. Character education programs are designed to help with many issues such as aggressive behavior, life skills, conflict and violence, safety, diversity tolerance and most of all, they exist in order to help build ones character. Effective character education programs need to include many main beliefs. It is said that Character education promotes core ethical values as the basis of good character. This agent that some values which include caring, honesty, fairness, responsibility, and respect for self and others are all essential to building character education. The hope is that schools that implement character education programs feel at these values as obligations for the student to uphold. The second thing that character education needs to have is thinking, emotion, and behavior. The point here is to help people earn the difference between what is right and wrong, good and bad, and to use those good values throughout their life. In schools using character education, intentional, proactive, and comprehensive approaches are used to win the values of good character. The intentional approach and proactive approach try to develop character, and the comprehensive approach uses every feature of schooling. For example, it would use the environment in and surrounding the school to try and build character. It would also make sure that the bus driver for the school bus is in good character.

Who Really Has the Power? Essay examples -- Political Science

The strongest branch of government is the Executive branch because it holds the most influential power of the Three (being the Executive, the Legislative, and the judicial branch) as closely as many other informal powers. Though the strengths of each branch of government were meant to maintain equality in the government, due to informal powers, the administrator branch can override a veto from either branch. In addition, the president, who is a part of the executive branch, is more or less the face of the country, wherefore the president is able gain popularity among the citizens of the United States as well as major businesses, who have the power to vote and sponsor their appointed leader ( i.e. the president). from each one branch of government has a specific role the Legislative branch is in charge of creating laws, the Executive branch has the power to enforce these laws as well as promote and develop policy, and the judicial branch is responsible for interpreting these laws. Each branch was also created to keep the other in check this transcription was called checks and balances, which worked in various ways (Remy p65). One way being that the president can veto or reject the legislation of a law. Though in some cases Congress can override a presidential veto through a two-thirds vote between both houses of legislation in uniting with approving appointed judges. The judicial branch also holds a balance between the other branches with the power to bind congress and the president with judicial review. An instance of judicial review would be the case of Brown v. Board of Education. During this case the separate but equal doctrine was repealed because it was considered a violation of the fourteenth amendment and thus, unconstitutional (... ...one else. The laws created need to be enforced and interpreted, without them the basis of America would be gone due to lack of proper law. Congress a controls taxes as well, which is connected to everyone in the U nited States, from elected officials to the common citizen.Works Citedhttp//fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/6216.pdfRemy, Richard. United States Government Democracy In Action. 8787 Orion Place, Columbus, OH. Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. 2002. Print http//www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/21442http//jpart.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/3/461.abstract http//voices.yahoo.com/what-does-board-education-do-5772712.htmlhttp//www.ustaxcourt.gov/about.htmhttp//voices.yahoo.com/what-does-board-education-do-5772712.htmlhttp//www.watson.org/lisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/brown.htmlhttp//crime.about.com/od/police/a/miranda_rights.htm

King Leopolds Ghost Essays -- English Literature Essays

King Leopolds GhostOut of sight mind is very convenient. If we dont see what is really going on it is easier for us as consumers to sleep at night. Capitalism, colonialism and slavery are still practiced today, but in abroad countries and in a different manner. Before reading King Leopolds Ghost, when I thought of slavery I thought of the transatlantic slave throw or Africans works as slaves in the US. After reading the book my eyes were open to a whole new perspective on slavery, capitalist economy and colonialism. When buying a product from a local store, one rarely inquires of the origin of the products raw materials as well as the working conditions / living conditions of the employees who created it. Our clothes, toys, accessories, and many other items have more history than we decide to realize. Take the designer imitation shoes you bought on sale from Payless for $10. Did ever curio why or how you could get such a Great Deal If the tag says MADE IN CHINA, it was produced fo r very cheap labor mayhap by children working and living in conditions we would find unbearable for ourselves. In a way it is slavery, because in poor countries jobs are often scarce and turn over is bad. If you have a job you will go to extremes to keep it, not because you like the job, but because you need it to survive. The owner of the business knows that and therefore he or she has a control over your life. This form of slavery is linked directly to capitalism and communism first becaus...

The 1920s Essay -- essays research papers fc

The 1920sThe 1920s where a time of conservatism, it was a time of great social change. From the world of fashion to the world to politics, forces clashed to arrive the most explosive decade of the century.The eighteenth Amendment was passed in 1920, which made alcohol illegal. It was c aloneed the Prohibition Amendment. This was k at one timen as the Noble Experiment. All importing, exporting, selling, manufacturing and transporting of alcohol were illegal. The onetime(a) state favored this amendment. They felt that alcohol was bad because of the way people behaved after drinking. People thought that crime, death rates and poverty would decrease now because alcohol was illegal. The younger generation did not like this amendment. Many people did not really listen to the law. The law actually increased the amount of people drinking alcohol. Some people would try and make alcohol in their admit homes. This was called bathtub gin. intoxicant would be smuggled from Canada during the twenties (Microsoft Encarta, 1999). Saloons that utilize to serve liquor were now called speak-easies. Instead of reducing the crimes rates, crime was actually greater. Organized crime was developed because of Prohibition. Sometimes police were bribed and went along with what was going on and would not do anything. The death rates were much higher than before. Prohibition destroyed legal jobs, created black-market violence, diverted resources from enforcement of other laws and increased prices people had to stand for prohibited goods (Thorton, Mark 1991). Al Capone was one of the most powerful bootleggers in Chicago, there were legion(predicate) gangs rivales due to prohibition the people who were bootlegging became wealthy because many people wanted alcohol.In the 1920s, the Nineteenth Amendment was passed, which gave women the right to vote. During this decade women became strong and more independent. Women were accomplishing a lot more than they had before. Women started goin g to college so she could earn her own living. More women started leaving the home and working at a factory or as a secretary. Women were discriminated at the work place. They received lower compensation then man did. In the 1920s, the term flapper was introduced. It was first used in Britain after World War 1. Young women were labeled as flappers who wore makeup shorter skirts. Fl... ...hat followed, xl billion dollars were lost. The Great Depression had started. The 1920s was a decade that changes American life. Frederick Lewis Allen describes the twenties as a revolution in manners and morals. The twenties has been named all types of nicknames, such as The Roaring Twenties, The Era of Wonderful Nonsense, The Decade of the Dollar, The Period of the Psyche, Dry Decade and the age of Alcohol and Al Capone (Gales Research, 1998). During the twenties, the way Americans lived had changed. The 1920s was a time in history that has been remembered for its great prosperity but also for its great loss. The Great Depression is what stop the Roaring Twenties.Works CitedGales Research. 1998.Microsoft Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft, 1999.Movies, Music, and Sports of the 1920s. 9 March. 2003 http//www.albany.edu/The Roaring Twenties Hitchhikers Guide- lectures with links and Photos H102Lecture 09. 9 March. 2003 http//evip.fresno.com/Thorton, Mark. Policy Analysis Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure. July 17, 1991. Online. Netscape. 23 April 1998